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Augustin Pacha
Augustin Pacha (November 26, 1870—November 4, 1954) was a Romanian cleric, the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Timișoara. Born into a Banat Swabian family in Măureni (''Moritzfeld''), Caraş-Severin County, he was the twelfth of thirteen children and his father was a shoemaker.〔Călin, p.203〕 Following theological studies at the diocesan seminary in Timișoara,〔Călin, p.214〕 he was ordained a priest in 1893 in the city's Roman Catholic cathedral.〔Călin, p.216〕 In 1927 he was consecrated bishop at the Timișoara cathedral, becoming titular bishop of Lebedus.〔Călin, p.238〕 Three years later, he became the first Bishop of Timișoara, a diocese succeeding the former one at Cenad, the last bishop having departed Romania in 1923,〔Călin, p.241〕 leaving Pacha as Apostolic Administrator.〔Călin, p.229〕 In February 1934, alarmed by rising Nazi sentiment among the Swabians of his diocese, he visited Adolf Hitler, receiving a polite reply to his complaints but no concrete action.〔Călin, p.245〕
Beginning in 1948, the authorities of the new communist regime took a series of repressive measures: abrogating the concordat; abolishing Pacha's diocese and forcing him to retire; shutting down monasteries and religious schools; seizing the seminary and its assets, as well as the bishop's palace; arresting and torturing numerous priests. Pacha made public a letter written by the Pope that denounced communism, and also rejected the regime's attempt to fashion a compliant Catholic Church, making him the subject of close supervision by the Securitate secret police.〔Călin, p.252〕 Arrested in June 1950 in Caraşova, where he planned to take a vacation, he was briefly interrogated at Reşiţa before being incarcerated in Bucharest and at Sighet prison.〔Călin, p.252-53〕 At a show trial involving other clergymen in Bucharest in September 1950, he was accused of being an American and Vatican spy and of Nazi sympathies, his visit to Hitler being brought up. He was sentenced to eighteen years' imprisonment and ten years' deprivation of civic rights, and was fined 880,000 lei and charged 306,000 lei damages against the state.〔Călin, p.253〕 Hoping to avoid the creation of a martyr and to draw public sympathy, the authorities released him in June 1954. Pacha, seriously ill with cancer, returned to Timișoara the following month and was placed under house arrest in a parish house. He died several months later and was buried in the crypt of the cathedral.〔Călin, p.254〕
He was a life member of the Romanian Senate between 1939 and 1944.〔Călin, p.242〕
==Notes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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